Nnianimu
Wɔ nsu mu ahoɔden mfiridwuma a ɛyɛ den mu no, wɔde nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no hyɛ tumi ahorow a ɛwɔ mu ne akyi a wɔaka abom atirimɔden so ase. Bere a mfiridwumayɛfo de bere kɛse bu adwumayɛ mu nhyɛso a ɛsen biara, nsu ahoɔhare, ne nsu a ɛsen no ho akontaa no, asiane bi a ɛsɛe ade saa ara wɔ hɔ a aniwa nhu a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nsenia ketewaa bi so: nsɛe. Sɛ wɔanhwɛ so a, nnuru a ɛsɛe dade afã horow no betumi adan nsu nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ no yiye no adan asodi a ɛtwetwe, asiane wom, na entumi nyɛ adwuma yiye.
Carbon dade a wɔtaa yɛ no de wɔn ho to nneɛma a wɔde kata so a wɔde bɔ afɔre te sɛ zinc a wɔde kata so so na amma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no asɛe. Nanso, wɔ nhyɛso a ɛkɔ so daa a ɛne mfiri a ɛwosow, ɔhyew a ɛtrɛw, ne nneɛma nketenkete a ɛsen a ɛyɛ abrabɔ no ase no, awiei koraa no, saa nneɛma a wɔde kata so yi yɛ tratraa, ɛpaapae, anaasɛ ɛpaapae kɔ. Sɛ dade a ɛwɔ ase no kɔ nsu ne mframa pa mu pɛ a, nkannare no de ahoɔhare a ɛyɛ hu di dwuma, na ɛtrɛw fa nneɛma a wɔakata so na ɛwe fa asaawa no mu.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔayi saa mmerɛwyɛ yi afi hɔ wɔ ne fibea no, nnɛyi nnwuma dan kɔ dade ho adwumayɛ so. Sɛ wopaw dade a ɛnyɛ den hydraulic ade a ɛyɛ fɛ-te sɛ nhyɛso a ɛkorɔn-nhyɛso fitting, instrumentation valve, adapter, anaa cylinder dan-ma wonya awosu, elemental ahobammɔ fi ɔsɛe ho. Nanso ɔkwan bɛn so ankasa na saa dade a ɛyɛ nwonwa yi gyina tumi ahorow a wɔaka abom a ɛne oxidation, acid ntua, ne nkyene nsu a wɔde hyɛ mu no ano? Mmuae no wɔ nneɛma ho nyansahu, nnuruyɛ, ne adansi a ɛyɛ den a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ anigye so. Saa asɛm yi de nyansahu mu akwan pɔtee a ɛma nsuo a ɛwɔ dadeɛ a ɛnyɛ den mu no kɔ so yɛ nea nkannare-nsɛe koraa na ne nhyehyɛeɛ yɛ yie wɔ wiase mmeaeɛ a ɛnyɛ bɔne fafiri no mu yie.
Nyansahu a ɛfa Passive Layer ho: Stainless Steel Kokoam Akode
Sɛ obi bɛte sɛnea dade a ɛnyɛ den bɔ ne ho ban fi nkannare ho ase a, ɛsɛ sɛ odi kan bubu adwene a ɛnteɛ bi a abu so: dade a ɛnyɛ den nyɛ dade biako a ɛnyɛ adwuma te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ anaa platinum. Ɛyɛ aduru a ɛyɛ adwuma kɛse a wɔde dade, carbon, ne nneɛma ahorow a ɛho hia a wɔde aka ho na ɛyɛe. Tumi a etumi ko tia nsɛe no fi nnuru a ɛkɔ so yɛ adwuma a wɔahyɛ so kɛse a ɛkɔ so wɔ n’akyi pɛɛ no mu ankasa.
Ade titiriw a ɛwɔ nnuru a ɛbɔ ho ban yi mu ne chromium. Sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ dade a ɛnyɛ den ankasa a, ɛsɛ sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, chromium ɔha biara mu nkyem 10.5 na ɛwɔ aduru no mu wɔ ne mu duru mu. Sɛ wɔde dade a wɔannoa no to nsu ne mframa mu a, ɛyɛ dade oxide, a wɔtaa frɛ no red rust. Nkannare kɔkɔɔ wɔ ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ abon a ɛkɔ so trɛw na ɛpaapae fi dade no ho. Saa ade a ɛpaapae yi ma dade a wɔannoa no foforo a ɛwɔ ase no da adi, na ɛma ɛyɛ nkuruwankuruwa a ɛsɛe ade a ɛkɔ fam a awiei koraa no ɛma ade a ɛwom no tew koraa.
Chromium san kyerɛw nnuru ho nkyerɛwee yi koraa. Sɛ chromium atɔm a ɛwɔ dade a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde yɛ nsu mu no ne oxygen a atwa yɛn ho ahyia di nkitaho a, ɛyɛ wɔn ade ma ɛyɛ ɔfasu a ɛyɛ tratraa a wontumi nhu a wɔfrɛ no chromium oxide. Saa sini yi yɛ atɔm kakraa bi pɛ a ne kɛse yɛ-a ɛyɛ teateaa araa ma hann fa mu tẽẽ, na ɛma dade no dade hyerɛn no kɔ so da adi pɛpɛɛpɛ.
Wonim saa chromium oxide sini yi sɛ passive layer. Nea ɛnte sɛ nkannare kɔkɔɔ no, passive layer no yɛ dense a ɛyɛ nwonwa, structurally stable, na ɛnyɛ-porous koraa. Ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ akode a wɔde kata so a wontumi nkɔ mu, a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi a ɛmma oxygen ne nsu mu nneɛma nketenkete ntumi nkɔ dade atɔm a ɛwɔ ase no mu da.
Nea ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse no, saa passive layer yi yɛ nea ɛyɛ nnam koraa na ɛyɛ ne ho-ayaresa. Wɔ nsuo a emu yɛ duru-adwuma mu no, wɔtaa de nneɛma a ɛtɔ gu fam na ɛtwetwe fittings ne valves, wɔde safe na ɛtwetwe bere a wɔresiesie afuw no mu ahopere, anaasɛ wɔde emu nsuo a ɛyɛ hu fi ngo a ɛsen ntɛmntɛm -m. Wɔ ade a wɔde aduru adura ho a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu no, nsensanee a emu dɔ gyina hɔ ma akode no a abubu daa, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ nkannare afi ase ntɛm ara. Wɔ dade a ɛnyɛ den mu no, sɛ wɔde mfiri twitwiw ade a ɛnyɛ adwuma no anaasɛ woyi fi hɔ a, chromium atɔm a ɛda adi foforo no ne oxygen a atwa ho ahyia no yɛ adwuma ntɛm ara ma ɛsan kyekye chromium oxide akwanside no wɔ milisekɔn kakraa bi mu. Saa nsu a wɔsan yɛ no foforo yi hwɛ hu sɛ nsu kwan no kɔ so yɛ nea wɔatoto nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ntua ano wɔ ne nkwa nna nyinaa a wɔde yɛ adwuma no mu.
Alloying Agents ne Wɔn Targeted Defenses
Bere a chromium ma fapem nhyehyɛe ma passive layer no, mfiridwuma mu nsu nhyehyɛe ahorow taa hyia nnuru a ɛyɛ den a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ mu den kɛse. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔadi nsɛnnennen yi ho dwuma no, dade ho animdefo de nneɛma a ɛto so abien a wɔde fra dade no mu ba dade no ahwehwɛ matrix no mu, na ɛma wonya nkyerɛwde soronko a wɔayɛ no yiye ama ahobammɔ ahorow pɔtee bi a ɛko tia.
Ade titiriw a edi kan a wɔde ka ho ne nikel. Wɔ austenitic dade a ɛnyɛ den a agye din a ɛtoatoa so 300 a wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ nsu mu ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma mu no, wɔde nikel dodow a efi ɔha biara mu nkyem 8 kosi 14 ba. Sɛ yɛhwɛ mfiri a, nikel sesa dade no ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ ase no, na ɛdannan no fi ferritic nhyehyɛe mu kɔ austenitic nhyehyɛe mu. Saa dade mu nsakrae yi ma dade no nkɛntɛnso a ɛyɛ den, sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den wɔ ne dan mu no yɛ kɛse kɛse. Ɛsan nso ma ade no tumi ko tia nsɛe a ɛyɛ pɛ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so no kɛse, titiriw bere a wɔde ahyɛ acid a ɛnyɛ den ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ mfiridwuma mu no mu no.
Nanso, nea ɔkannifo ankasa wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a nsu wom a ɛtra so mu ne molybdenum. Standard Grade 304 stainless steel ma ahobammɔ a ɛkyɛn so fi wim nsuo titire ho, nanso ɛtumi di apere berɛ a wɔde ahyɛ chloride ions a ɛwɔ mu kɛseɛ, a wɔhunu no pii wɔ po mu nsuo, mpoano mframa, ne akwan so de-icing nkyene mu. Chloride ions yɛ nea ɛyɛ basabasa soronko; wobetumi akɔ mu na wɔapete chromium oxide passive layer a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no mu, na ɛde localized breakdown aba.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔako atia saa mmerɛwyɛ yi no, nea ɛka Grade 316 dade a ɛnyɛ den ho ne molybdenum ɔha biara mu nkyem 2 kosi 3 a wɔde ka ho. Molybdenum yɛ adwuma sɛ nnuru a wɔde asi wɔn ani so a ɛma nneɛma gyina pintinn, na ɛma sini a ɛnyɛ adwuma no gyinabea a ɛwɔ baabiara no yɛ kɛse kɛse na ɛma ɛyɛ soronko a ɛko tia chloride-a ɛma ɛpaapae. Saa elemental upgrade baako yi ne adeɛ a ɛma Grade 316 yɛ standard material ahwehwɛdeɛ ma offshore oil drilling platforms, po so ahyɛn, ne mpoano mfiridwuma adwumayɛbea ahodoɔ.
Awiei koraa no, nnɛyi nneɛma a wɔyɛ no hwɛ carbon a ɛwɔ mu no yiye. Sɛ wɔma dade a ɛnyɛ den hyew kɔ ɔhyew a ɛboro so-te sɛ bere a wɔreyɛ welding wɔ high-pressure hydraulic flange-adeyɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no carbide precipitation betumi aba. Chromium ne carbon atɔm betumi akyekyere wɔn ho wɔ dade no aburow hye so, na wɔayi chromium a ehia na ama ade a ɛnyɛ adwuma no akɔ so atra mmeae a atwa ho ahyia no afi hɔ. Eyi ma welded joint no yɛ mmerɛw kɛse sɛ localized intergranular corrosion. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobeyi asiane yi afi hɔ no, wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma no de nsakrae a ɛba fam-carbon, a wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Grade 304L anaa 316L di dwuma. Ɛdenam carbon a ɛwɔ mu a wɔto ano hye ma ennu ɔha biara mu nkyem 0.03 so no, wosiw carbide osutɔ ano, na wɔhwɛ hu sɛ beae a wɔde weld ayɛ no kɔ so yɛ nea ɛko tia nkannare-te sɛ ade a aka no ara pɛ.
Hydraulic Corrosion Nneɛma Pɔtee a Wobedi So
Nsɛe da adi wɔ akwan horow pii so wɔ nsu tumi nhyehyɛe mu. Wɔayɛ dadeɛ a ɛnyɛ den a ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ papa-a ɛyɛ papa pɔtee sɛ ɛbɛko atia saa adansiɛ mu ahunahuna soronko yi.
Uniform Corrosion a Ɛyɛ Pɛ
Nsɛe a ɛyɛ pɛ gyina hɔ ma ntua a ɛtrɛw, mpo wɔ dade bi a ɛda adi no nyinaa so, na ɛma nneɛma no fasu no yɛ teateaa nkakrankakra bere kɔ so no. Wɔ nsuo nhama a ɛwɔ nhyɛsoɔ kɛseɛ mu no, ɔfasuo a wɔma ɛyɛ teateaa no yɛ asiane a ɛyɛ nwonwa, ɛfiri sɛ ɛma paipu no adwumayɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ahotɔ wɔ mu no sɛe nkakrankakra kɔsi sɛ ɔsɛeɛ kɛseɛ bɛpaapae. Dade a ɛnyɛ den a ɛkɔ so yɛ adwuma no siw nsɛe a ɛyɛ pɛ ano koraa wɔ adwumayɛ tebea horow a ɛfata mu, na ɛkura mfitiase ɔfasu no mu duru ne ɔdan no anoano wɔ ade no nkwa nna nyinaa mu.
Pitting ne Crevice Nsɛeɛ
Pitting ne crevice corrosion yɛ mmeae bi kɛse, anifere kwan so nneɛma a wɔsɛe no. Pitting ba bere a huammɔdi ketewaa bi a ɛwɔ baabi a ɛwɔ ade a ɛbɔ ho ban mu no ma tokuru ketewaa bi tumi kɔ dade fasu no mu kɔ akyiri, a wɔde asie na wɔanhwɛ no kwa. Crevice corrosion ba wɔ mmeae a wɔatoto mu denneennen a nsu betumi agyina, te sɛ micro-gaps a ɛda mating thread profiles ntam anaa flange seal ase.
Bere a nsu a egyina hɔ no oxygen-sae no, ne nnuru mu nnuru no sesa, ɛdan acid kɛse na ɛwe ntɛmntɛm fa dade a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu. Molybdenum a wɔde ka ho wɔ Grade 316 stainless steel mu no ma passive layer no gyina saa mmeae a oxygen-asɛe yi mu, na esiw amena ne mpaapaemu nyinaa huammɔdi mfiase ano.
Galvanic Nsuo a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma
Galvanic corrosion ba bere a dade abien a ɛsono wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ anyinam ahoɔden mu no di nkitaho wɔ nipadua mu bere a anyinam ahoɔden te sɛ nsu anaa nsu a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ hɔ no. Wɔ tebea yi mu no, anyinam ahoɔden ketewaa bi sen dade ahorow no ntam, na ɛma dade a ɛnyɛ anuonyam pii (anode) no sɛe ntɛmntɛm, bere a dade a ɛyɛ anuonyam kɛse (cathode) no da so ara bɔ ho ban.
Esiane sɛ dade a ɛnyɛ den te soro wɔ galvanic noble nsenia no so nti, ɛyɛ den yiye sɛ dade a ɛbemmɛn no nsɛe no. Nanso, ɛsɛ sɛ mfiridwumayɛfo yɛ ahwɛyiye: sɛ wɔde dade a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde hyɛ mu no hyɛ aluminium manifold block a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu tẽẽ wɔ baabi a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a, aluminium no bɛyɛ adwuma sɛ afɔrebɔ anode na apaapae ntɛmntɛm. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔadi eyi ho dwuma no, nhyehyɛe nhyehyɛe a ɛfata hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde dade a ɛne ne ho hyia wɔ nhyehyɛe no nyinaa mu anaasɛ wɔde akwanside ahorow a ɛnyɛ -a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe nneɛma fi afoforo ho bedi dwuma de abubu anyinam ahoɔden kwan no.
Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia: Baabi a Dade a Ɛnyɛ Den Ahobammɔ Ho Hia Kɛse
Nnuru a ɛkorɔn a ɛwɔ dade a ɛnyɛ den mu no ma ɛyɛ nea ɛho hia a wɔpaw wɔ adwumayɛbea ahorow pii a ɛyɛ basabasa kɛse mu.
Wɔ po ne mpoano mfiridwuma mu no, asorɔkye, nkyene a wɔde petepete, ne sum a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ nwini kɔ so bɔ nsu nhyehyɛe ahorow. Chloride ions a ɛwɔ nkyene nsu mu no beyi zinc a wɔde akata so no afi carbon dade a wɔtaa de di dwuma no mu ntɛmntɛm, na ɛbɛma nkannare a ɛsɛe ade aba wɔ adapɛn kakraa bi mu. Nneɛma a wɔde dade a ɛnyɛ den ayɛ no gyina po so tebea horow yi ano mfe du du pii a ɛnhwere wɔn nhyehyɛe mu mudi mu kura, na ɛbɔ stia a ɛho hia, deck cranes, ne po ase valve ahorow ho ban fi afuw mu huammɔdi a wontumi nhu ho.
Saa ara nso na mmeae a wɔyɛ nnuru ne pɛtro ho adwuma no de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho asiane ahorow a awuduru wom kɛse afrafra ba. Ebia nsu nhama a ɛbɛn nsukorabea ahorow a wɔde nneɛma yɛ adwuma no bɛda acidic vapor a ɛwɔ mframa mu, caustic sulphur compounds, ne organic solvents a ɛyɛ hyew mu. Dade a wɔde adura ho a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no sɛe ntɛmntɛm wɔ nnuru ntua yi ase. Dade a ɛnyɛ den yɛ nea nnuru ntumi nkɔ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma ahorow pii mu, na ɛma ɛtumi kɔ so yɛ nea ɛho tew a nkekae biara nni ho ɛmfa ho sɛ wɔde nnuru di dwuma tẽẽ bere nyinaa no.
Awiei koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ ahwehwɛde a emu yɛ den a ɛwɔ ahohoro a wɔde hohoro nneɛma mu wɔ nnuan, anonne, ne nnuruyɛ adwumayɛbea ahorow mu no. Wɔ saa nnwuma yi mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtaa de nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew-nhyɛso kɛse ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho a ano yɛ den a chlorine anaa caustic soda wom petepete mfiri so na ama mmoawa anyin afi hɔ. Carbon dade a wɔde aduru adura ho no ntumi ntra ase wɔ ahotew ho nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔyɛ no daa yi mu a ɛnyɛ nea ɛpaapae anaasɛ ɛnyɛ nkannare, na ɛno de asiane kɛse ba sɛ honam fam ne nnuru a ɛde efĩ bɛba adwumayɛbea a wɔyɛ nneɛma no so. Dade a ɛnyɛ den no wɔ ɔfasu a ɛyɛ torotoro koraa, ɛnyɛ-porous a ɛko tia abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛbata ho denneennen na egyina ahotew hohoro a emu yɛ den ano a ɛnsɛe anaasɛ ennyi nneɛma nketenkete bi mfi hɔ da.
Anti-Corrosive Integrity a Wɔkora So: Nneyɛe Pa a Wɔde Sisi Nsiesiei ne Nsiesiei
Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ dade a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde nsu yɛ ade no de nea ɛsen biara a wɔahyɛ sɛ ɛko tia nsɛe no ma no, ɛsɛ sɛ afuw mu mfiridwumayɛfo di akwan pɔtee bi a wɔfa so de si hɔ ne ne siesie akyi.
Wonim adeyɛ a edi kan a ɛho hia no sɛ pasivation. Sɛ wɔde mfiri yɛ dade a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde hyɛ mu, wɔde nhama, anaa wɔde stamp gu so bere a wɔreyɛ no a, dade nketenkete a ɛnyɛ hwee a efi nnwinnade a wɔde twa ade no mu betumi akɔhyɛ dade no ani. Sɛ wɔannyɛ saa dade nketenkete yi ho adwuma a, ɛbɛyɛ nwunu wɔ afuw no mu, na ɛbɛma ayɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ nnaadaa sɛ nneɛma a ɛwom no adi huammɔ na ebetumi asɛe ade a ɛnyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ ase no.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔasiw eyi ano no, wɔde nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔawie no yɛ adwuma, na mpɛn pii no, wɔde aguare a wɔde gu nitric anaa citric acid aduru mu. Saa acid aguaree yi paw dade a ɛwɔ soro no mu efĩ biara a ɛntow hyɛ dade a ɛnyɛ den no so, na ɛma ɔfasu a ɛho ntew, chromium-a ɛdɔɔso a ɛma ahobammɔ a ɛnyɛ adwuma no yɛ yiye ntɛm ara.
Bio nso, ɛsɛ sɛ afuo mu mfiridwumayɛfoɔ yɛ ahwɛyie kɛseɛ na wɔasiw cross-contamination ano berɛ a wɔreboaboa nhyehyɛeɛ no ano. Sɛ mfiridwumayɛfo bi de carbon dade waya brush a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ di dwuma de tew nhama a ɛwɔ dade a ɛnyɛ den valve mu, anaasɛ ɔde dade nnwinnade a ayɛ nwunu di nneɛma a ɛwom no ho dwuma a, wɔde carbon dade asinasin no bɛkɔ nea ɛnyɛ den no so, na afi ase ayɛ mmeae a nkannare wɔ baabiara. Nnwinnade a wɔahyira so a wɔde dade a ɛnyɛ den ayɛ ne nneyɛe a ɛho tew a wɔde di dwuma ho hia na ama wɔakora ade no mu ahotew so.
Awiei koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ mfiridwumayɛfo di asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ asaawa bɛbɔ bere a wɔde rehyɛ mu no ho dwuma. Esiane sɛ austenitic dade a ɛnyɛ den no yɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse nti, akasakasa a ɛba bere a wɔkyekyere mmarima ne mmea nhama bom wɔ ahoɔden kɛse ase no betumi ayi oxide a ɛnyɛ adwuma no afi hɔ. Sɛ saa layer yi nni hɔ a, raw metal crystals no tumi petepete wɔn ho wɔn ho so tẽẽ, na ɛma ɔhyew a emu yɛ den a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ na ɛma nhama no yɛ nwini-weld bom. Sɛ ɛyɛ galled wie a, nkwaa no bɛto mu daa na sɛ wɔhyɛ no a, ɛbɛtetew koraa. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobeyi saa asɛm yi afi hɔ no, ɛsɛ sɛ mfiridwumayɛfo de srade titiriw bi a ɛko tia-seize anaasɛ asaawa a ɛyɛ papa-a ɛyɛ papa a wɔayɛ ama dade a ɛnyɛ den nhyiam titiriw gu so, na ɛhwɛ hu sɛ mfiri no bɛkɔ so yiye na nsɔano a ɛnyɛ nea ɛtwetwe koraa-a ɛmma nsu nkɔ mu koraa.
Awie
Tumi a dade a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde yɛ nsu mu nneɛma tumi gyina tumi a ɛsɛe ade a efi nkannare ne nsɛe mu no ano koraa no nyɛ asɛm a ɛyɛ anigye; ɛyɛ honam fam nyansahu a wɔde wɔn ani asi so nkonimdi tẽẽ. Ɛdenam aduru a wɔde afrafra a wɔde atwa fapem a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ chromium, nickel, ne molybdenum ho ahyia so no, dade ho animdefo ayɛ ade a ebetumi ayɛ n’ankasa akode a ɛyɛ ketewaa, a ɛsa ne ho yare.
Sɛ́ ɛyɛ chromium oxide passive layer no nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den, a ɛnyɛ -porous, ahobammɔ a wɔde asi wɔn ani so a molybdenum de ma wɔ chloride pitting a ɛyɛ hu ho, anaasɛ low-carbon formulations a esiw weld degradation ano no, wɔayɛ dade a ɛnyɛ den hydraulic ade no fã biara sɛ ɛbɛtra ase akyɛ.
Bere a ebia nneɛma foforo a wɔde yɛ nneɛma foforo no bɛma wɔabɔ ka a wɔbɔ wɔ adetɔ ho mfiase no so no, sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wontumi nkwati wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛsɛe ho no ma bere a wɔde yɛ adwuma no gyae adwumayɛ a wontumi nhu, nsu a ne bo yɛ den a ɛtwetwe, ne ahobammɔ ho asiane a ɛkɔ soro ma adwumayɛfo a wosiesie nneɛma no bere nyinaa. Ɛdenam nyansahu nnyinasosɛm ahorow a emu dɔ a ɛwɔ dade a ɛnyɛ den a ɛbɔ ho ban no akyi a wɔbɛte ase na wɔahyɛ bɔ sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma yiye na wɔde ahyɛ mu so no, nnɛyi nnwuma betumi anya nsu mu ahoɔden nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛkɔ so yɛ adwuma yiye, ɛho tew koraa, na ɛyɛ adwuma dwoodwoo mfe du du a ɛreba no.
